Heart failure (HF) is a disorder associated with low-grade immune activation andinflammation, as evidenced by elevated circulating and myocardial levels ofinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18, and chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1 and fractalkine [1]–[5]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and heart failure.