CX3CR1-/- (fractalkine receptor) [67,68], CX3CL1-/- (fractalkine) [69] and CCR2-/- [70,71] mice (in the context of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) or ApoE deficiency) exhibited a reduction in - but not elimination of - atherosclerosis. This evidence concerns the gene APOE and atherosclerosis.