CD4 and coinfection: In an effort to separate the direct and indirect effects of N. gonorrhoeae on HIV-1 expression [4], [7,7], we have established co-infection protocols using both primary leukocytes, either in the form of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated CD4+ T cells, and with immortalized Jurkat CD4+ T cells, the most widely used cell line in T cell research.