LEP and metabolic syndrome: The anti-atherogenicity or anti-inflammatory effect of soy might be related to its effect on reducing the serum leptin levels.9 A systematic review also indicated the associations between leptin and various pathologic components of metabolic syndrome with emphasis on the hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism and pro-atherogenic state in metabolic syndrome.10 There is a well-documented effect of esterogen on increasing the leptin production; however, even high levels of isoflavone consumption do not alter leptin concentrations in women.11