Since SNPs in MMP do not appear to contribute to COPD, it is of interest to assess the genetic contribution of MMP modifying genes, like IL-10, IL-13, EGF, and TNF-α that regulate transcription of MMPs. In addition, SNPs in other TIMPs, such as TIMP2, may also affect the MMP-TIMP balance and thereby exert an effect on FEV1 decline in the general population. Here, TIMP2 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.