Patients with PPS in all groups exhibited significantly worse functional impairment compared to patients without PPS, as expressed by a significantly higher SDS total score (F-value = 52.8 for the combination of diagnoses and pain; p < 0.0001, PPS+ vs. PPS- for GAD+MDD+, GAD+MDD-, and control groups). Here, GAD1 is linked to generalized anxiety disorder.