DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Indeed, in DMD muscles, a chronic-type mononuclear cell infiltrate is present early, before the onset of muscle weakness,(11) and gene expression profiles show that the inflammatory response dominates the molecular signature of dystrophin-deficient muscles not only in humans but also in the dystrophin null mouse, MDX, which is the most used murine model for this disease.(12,13) Therefore, a vast body of evidence supports a pivotal role of inflammation in the progression of muscle loss.