To analyze this aspect, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were cultured in medium supplemented with 10% sera from DMD patients or normal subjects, 25 ng/mL of M-CSF, and a suboptimal sRANKL (0.5 ng/mL) for 14 days.(29) Interestingly, significant enhancement of osteoclastogenesis was noted with patients' sera compared with healthy sera (2.3-fold), as evidenced by quantification of TRACP+ multinucleated cells (Fig. 3D). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.