Among them, IL-11 is already known to promote osteoclast maturation and bone resorption in bone marrow cultures,(54,55) and inhibin-βA was associated recently with induction of osteoclastogenesis in the absence of RANKL.(56) Interestingly, among the downregulated cytokines, TNF-α, which could be involved in the inflammation state that characterizes DMD muscles,(12) was not detectable in DMD patient sera. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.