Among the many downregulated cytokine mRNAs (Supplemental Table S3), we found several members of the IL-1 superfamily: IL2, IL3, IL4, and TNFα⋅ This latter was claimed to be implicated in the inflammation of DMD patients(12) but in our assays appeared undetectable in the circulation of DMD patients (Table 4) and strongly downregulated in osteoblasts treated with the DMD sera (86% less compared with healthy sera; Supplemental Table S3). Here, TNF is linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.