GLI1 and cancer: Dysregulation of the Hh-Gli pathway in cancer has been reported and reviewed extensively (Kasper et al, 2006; Scales and de Sauvage, 2008; Yang et al, 2009), with Hh-ligand-dependent autocrine and paracrine (Yauch et al, 2008; Theunissen and de Sauvage, 2009), and Hh-ligand-independent mechanisms of activation observed (Rubin and de Sauvage, 2006).