In the older group, the TIMP-1 levels were higher in OS (117.7 ± 18.2 ng/ml) and COPD (114.9 ± 23.5 ng/ml) than in ONS (81.3 ± 26.6 ng/ml, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), but there was no significant difference between OS and COPD (Figure 1D). Here, TIMP1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.