In addition to PAPPA2, we also measured levels of PAPPA and ADAM12 since they are also placental IGFBP proteases [21,36] associated with preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) [19,22,23,37,38], and IGFBP proteases may be coregulated [39]. This evidence concerns the gene ADAM12 and fetal growth restriction.