GSK3B and HIV-1 infection: Compounds targeting cellular signaling pathways including glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) and mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3), as well as compounds targeting pathological outcomes of HIV-1 infection in the CNS including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation showed initial promise in vitro, however, only a handful of these treatments have moved into clinical trials.