A subsequent test of eight human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in which Smad4 expression was reconstituted by a retroviral expression vector revealed in three of the eight cell lines a similar Smad4-dependent KRT23 up-regulation (U. Herbrand, unpublished observation), supporting the notion that KRT23 expression levels can be modulated in two major gastrointestinal tumor types directly or indirectly through Smad4. Here, KRT23 is linked to exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.