The majority of these patients had co-morbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension (treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACE-I] or angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs] or diuretics), preexisting renal insufficiency, were elderly, or had small bowel disease that resulted in calcium and vitamin D malabsorption. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and hypertensive disorder.