Of those tested Cdc42ep3 (CDC42 effector protein), ARHGDIB (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) beta), Acta2 (Alpha actin 2), Egr2 (Early growth response 2), IL-6 (Interleukin 6) and Vav3 (vav 1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor), were induced by EPEC infection but not by infection with EPEC Δtir (Figures 3 and S1). Here, IL6 is linked to infection.