IL1B and Crohn disease: The studies by Cooney et al.[20] and Travassos et al.[21] show for the first time that a decreased autophagy in humans can lead to decreased bacterial clearance, while our study provides evidence that diminished autophagy in human cells (e.g. through pharmacological inhibition as shown here, or through genetic mutations in Crohn's disease) could lead to uncontrolled IL-1β production.