SERPINA1 and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: In 1987 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published the first guidelines on augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of purified AAT obtained from human serum of adults suffering from moderate pulmonary emphysema (FEV1 30-65%) and severe AAT deficiency (i.e. PI*ZZ genotypes and combinations of Z, rare and null alleles expressing AAT serum concentrations < 11 μmol or 50 mg/dL) [41].