Gene expression of TLR2 (Figure 1A; p = 0.021), IL-8 (Figure 1B; p = 0.041) and OSM (Figure 1C; p = 0.034) were significantly increased in COPD, whereas gene expression for TLR4 [Healthy: 5.8(4.3–7.5); COPD: 6.7(4.9–8.4); p = 0.621] remained unchanged. Here, TLR4 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.