TNF and bacterial pneumonia: The induction of lung inflammation was illustrated by increases in the pulmonary levels of all measured cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6) and chemokines (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC), Macophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2) during the course of bacterial pneumonia (Figures 1b–f).