The mRNA expression of the genes: VEGFA, ARAF, BRAF, OPN (SPP1), MMP2, KRAS, NRAS, TGFβ1, AKT1, HRAS, EGF, RKIP (PBP), FGF2, EGFR, RAF1, TP53, CDKN2A (p14ARF/p16INK4A), MMP9 was determined by qPCR in both bladder cancer and normal tissue (Table S3). Here, ARAF is linked to urinary bladder cancer.