IGF1 and prostate carcinoma: The precise functions that β-catenin signaling plays in prostate cancer are not well understood, and its complexity is further compounded by crosstalk of β-catenin with multiple signaling pathways involving factors such as the androgen receptor [28], IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) [29], [30], AKT [29], [31], osteopontin [32], [33], and FoxO (Forkhead box O) [34], [35], [36].