CSF2 and neoplasm: When localized in the bone marrow, tumor cells release growth factors and cytokines that can modify the microenvironment and the bone remodeling: parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) colony stimulating factor (CSF-1), granulocyte-monocyte CSF (GM-CSF), and chemokines.