F2R and prostate cancer: Of interest in this regard, several recent studies have demonstrated a role for PAR1 in survival of non-immune cells including, prostate cancer cells via NFKB and activation of Bcl-XL [49], breast cancer cells via activation of AKT [50], CC139 fibroblasts by suppression of Bim [51], and rat astrocytes by release of chemokine growth-regulated oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 [52].