For example, two signatures were found to be particularly effective in cancer staging, namely a 10-gene group (CPS1+ DEFA5+ DES+ DMN+ GFRA3+ MUC17+ OR9G1+ REEP3+ TMED6+ TTN) and a 9-gene group (DPT+ EIF1AX+ FAM26D+ IFITM2+ LOC401498+ OR2AE1+ PRRG1+ REEP3+ RTKN2), which can distinguish the early and the advanced gastric cancers from the remainder of the samples (including control samples) with agreements of 90.0% and 84.0%, respectively. Here, GFRA3 is linked to cancer.