TNF and neoplasm: In hypoxic areas, TAMs stimulate angiogenesis (by secreting several factors, such as TGF-β, VEGF, granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8), promote tumor cell migration and invasion (via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), TNF-α, and IL-1) and induce immunosuppression (via TGF-β, PGE2, and IL-10).