VEGFA and neoplasm: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are induced by VEGF, GM-CSF, TGF-β, IL-6, PGE2, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, are also implicated in tumor progression by inhibiting the actions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (by the production of arginase and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) [30], by inducing Tregs (through IL-10 and INF-γ-dependent process) [36].