Chronic HCMV infection could potentially promote these important oncogenic signaling pathways since HCMV infection expresses a chemokine receptor US28, which has oncogenic potential and has been shown to signal through the NF-kB pathway and activate downstream COX-2, STAT-3 and IL-6 expression [55,56]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and cytomegalovirus infection.