NKX3-1 and Familial prostate cancer: In another study, Nkx3.1;Pten mutant mice were used as a preclinical model for the effects that inhibition of both Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways would have on hormone-dependent and -independent prostate cancer growth [178].