MAP2K7 and Familial prostate cancer: The progression of prostate cancer from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent tumors involves the alteration of the androgen receptor and/or the activation of pro-survival pathways, namely those of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling cascades [177, 178].