INS and Alzheimer disease: Insulin can promote the release of intracellular Ab in neuronal cultures[27] and intracellular accumulation of Ab has been considered as a pertinent factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).[28] These findings indicate that diabetes, through neurodegenerative processes resulting from dysfunctional metabolism, may lead to direct neuronal injury manifest as brain atrophy, and a structural basis for dementia.