GSTM1 and alpha thalassemia spectrum: In the last cohort 22.2% were β-thalassemia carriers, 50.25% were suspected α-thalassemia carriers, 13.06% were HbS, 3.7% HbE, and 1.64% HbC carriers, while 4.18% were carriers of rare Hb variants and 4.97% were affected with severe conditions deriving from associations with HbS, HbC, HbE, α°-thalassemia (HbH disease) and β-thalassemia mutations uncommon in the native Italian population.