HMGB1 and hepatitis A virus infection: In China, a large proportion of ALF are caused by HBV infection [35], thus we evaluated HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation in ALF patients caused by hepatitis B. Consistent with previous reports, we found histopathological changes; these included massive, sub-massive or bridging necrosis with immune cell infiltration and regeneration nodular of hepatocytes in liver sections of patients with ALF.