Here, we reported that VEGF is expressed at higher levels (198.0±12.5 versus 100.0±28.9%, p<0.05) (Fig. 4A and 4B) and PEDF at lower levels (40.70±5.1 versus 100.0±7.9, p<0.01) (Fig. 4A and 4C) in RPE from AMD smoker patients compared to RPE from non-smoker control donors as shown by Western blot. Here, SERPINF1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.