In breast carcinoma, basal-like and HER-2-positive/ER-negative tumour subtypes have been described to be associated with high expression of the ERK1/2 pathway.36,37 The presence of Fra-1 in basal-like carcinomas was expected, as basal-like cultured cells such as MDA-MB 231, BT549, MDA 435S, MX1, BT20 and H5578T cells have been shown to pre-ferentially express Fra-1.4,5,10,12,38. The gene discussed is FOSL1; the disease is carcinoma.