FLT1 and malaria: We measured the soluble forms of ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) and the TGF-β receptor endoglin (s-endoglin), which have both been shown to be increased in severe malaria [18], [19], and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), which has been implicated in placental malaria [20].