TNF and Autoimmunity: In the setting of autoimmunity, β-cells respond to the onslaught of proinflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α and interferon- γ, which trigger the NF-κB pathway and promote transcription of genes that ultimately cause β-cell dysfunction and cell death [1].