TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-5 are increased in nasal secretions from patients with AR, while other cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), as well as chemokines such as eotaxin and RANTES, are also increased in patients suffering from CRS with NP [4-6].