HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Consistently, anti-HMGB1 antibodies [5], [17] or inhibitors (e.g., tanshinones, ethyl pyruvate, nicotine, stearoyl lysophosphatidylcholine, or epigallocatechin-3-gallate) [5], [18]–[24] confer protection in animal models of endotoxemia and sepsis.