Similar to what has been reported in murine studies of EHV-1 infection [34], increases in cytokine/chemokine responses with inflammatory, antiviral (IL-1, TNF-α, (PBMCs) and IFN-α (nasal secretions)), and regulatory function (TGF-β (PBMCs) and IL-10 (nasal secretions)) were seen in the first 48 h following infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.