However, before and after infection, the levels of IL-4, an established Th2 cytokine, was significantly higher in mice vaccinated heterologously compared to mice receiving gp63 DNA alone (p<0.001), or in association with CpG (p<0.01) and rgp63 plus CpG (p<0.001) (Figure 4E and F). Here, LMLN is linked to infection.