Further elucidation of the mechanisms contributing to naïve CD4+ T-cell loss, telomere shortening, and delayed or arrested reconstitution of the CD31- naïve CD4+ T-cell subset may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets to enhance the immune response against HIV-1 and other pathogens, as well as strategies to retard the formation of neoplasms in ART-treated individuals. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.