PPIF and neurodegenerative disease: By the use of CsA or of CyP-D knock-out animals it was established that dysregulated PTP induction is implicated in various forms of brain damage [32], [33] and neurodegenerative diseases [34], in muscular dystrophies caused by collagen VI deficiency [23], in hepatotoxicity, in ischemic injury of kidney, brain and heart and in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion damage [21], [22].