However, the issue of the CyP role in tumorigenesis is complicated by the observation that CyP-A is upregulated in a variety of tumor models, where it is involved in cancer cell survival, resistance to chemotherapeutics and metastasis [41], [48], [49], and that CsA treatment induces tumor necrosis and abrogates metastasis formation [45]. This evidence concerns the gene PPIA and neoplasm.