TGFB1 and cancer: On the other hand, many cancers overexpress TGFβ1 and TGFβ signaling can promote carcinogenesis and cancer progression by inducing angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion into the extracellular matrix, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, as well as by repressing immunosurveillance [131,133].