PDK1 and breast carcinoma: In contrast, PDK1 expression and gene copy number are increased in breast cancer [12], [13], [14] and breast cancer cell lines [15], which is consistent with down-regulation of PDK1 inhibiting cancer cell migration and metastases [16], and over-expression of PDK1 inducing transformation, drug resistance, invasion and tumorigenicity [13], [17], [18].