TSC1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: Since AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway regulation is implicated in hypoxia [23]–[28] we examined the expression of glucose transporter-1 protein (GLUT1), which has been reported to mark hypoxia in human bladder cancer [46] and functions as part of the glucose uptake machinery dependent on TSC2 phosphorylation and TSC inhibition of mTOR [47].