HPGDS and infection: Table 5 shows that genes involved in every phase of the metabolism of xenobiotics were significantly modified by E.multilocularis infection. Two phase I cytochrome P450 genes (Cyp3a13 and Cyp4a14) were up-regulated, 2 phase II glutathione S-transferases (Gsta3 and Gstt3) were down-regulated and the phase III ATP-binding cassette transporter (Abcd3) was up-regulated. In addition, there were many down-regulated genes involved in these 3 subgroups at any stage of infection (Table 5).