Given the pivotal role of TH-17 responses not only in protective immunity against fungi but also in the pathology of human autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and in vaccine development against tuberculosis [3], [46], our results might benefit therapeutic developments as Malt1 presents a rational target for immunomodulatory drugs. This evidence concerns the gene MALT1 and ulcerative colitis.