MMP2 and thyroid gland carcinoma: Thus, to determine if estrogen and/or DIM, a phytochemical, could modulate MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion and activity in thyroid cancer cells, we stimulated BCPAP and ML-1 cells with estrogen ±25 μM DIM or ± fulvestrant and measured MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein secretion and activity by performing Western blot analysis and zymography, respectively using conditioned medium from thyroid cancer cells.