NFKB1 and infection: Yang et al. used deep RNA sequencing to examine the responses of HeLa cells to VAC infection and reported an increase in abundance of a small group of cellular mRNAs associated with the NF-KB pathway, inhibition of apoptosis, and signal transduction at 2 hours post infection, followed by a decrease in thousands of cellular mRNAs at 4 hours post-infection [32].