TLR4 and Insulin resistance: The activation of TLR4 signaling induces upregulation of intracellular inflammatory pathways related to the induction of insulin resistance, each included the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (Myd88), IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAKs), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β-) activated kinase (TAK1), TAK-1 binding protein (TAB1 and 2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated-factor-6 (TRAF-6) [26,27].