INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: †Normoglycemic; ‡Type II Diabetes; Impaired glucose tolerance, Impaired fasting glucose. *p < 0.001; **p = 0.002; ¥p = 0.02 (showing significant difference in the Punjabi and US cohorts); φp = 4.64 × 10-8; Skewed variables (insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-B) are presented in mean (95% confidence intervals).