IL4 and Granuloma: Increased IL-4 and TNF-α expressions are also apparently associated with severity of pathology in mouse model [117], but interestingly, the only study to look at these factors in granulomas from human disease found no association between IL-4 and necrosis—though as the authors note, they could not distinguish between IL-4 and the IL-4 antagonistic splice variant IL4δ2 [91] which renders this difficult to interpret.