Clinically, NSCLC tumor tissues show higher levels of GLI1 expression compared to NSCLC cell lines [44], suggesting that the EMT phenotype with activated Shh signaling may be context-dependent such as what can be found in the tumor microenvironment where the tumor cells are chronically exposed to many factors including TGF-β1. The gene discussed is GLI1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.